Graphs are set out in an order to try to show the problems with the greatest clarity.

1. World population growth over 2000 years. (from Stanton 2003)

2. Other graphs of population growth over long periods, from Stanton & Russell.

3. The Big Four, China, India, the United States and Russia.

4. Eight European countries, showing how none are likely to be below 1950 size by 2050,barring catastrophes, and the rise of Turkey.

5. Large African countries. 

6. Other African countries, showing troubled regions and how population growth is significant.

7. Large Middle Eastern countries. 

8. The population problems of Palestine, Israel and Jordan.

9. Other large Asian countries.  10. Smalll Asian countries, including troubled regio

11. Large Latin American countries.  12. Troubled smaller Latin American countries.

13. The Pacific, but including Australia, Papua Niugini and East Timor. 

14. Smaller Pacific countries with problems.

For each country, further demographic data from the Data Base include Births and deaths per 1,000 population, rate of natural increase (percent), annual rate of growth (percent),  life expectancy at birth (years), infant deaths per 1,000 live births, total fertility rate per woman,  midyear population estimates and average annual period growth rates, and  for each decade 1950 to 2050, population by age and sex.

Population pyramids. The bulges in these pyramid structures  for the youngest generations explain the explosive growth and why the population estimates for 2050 are often so high.  For example, 40% of the population of Bolivia is reported to be under 15.  However, the lack of adequate censuses means that many of the figures contain guesswork or are estimated from samples.

 

Population Densities

Population densities are affected by deserts, mountains, barren soils and adverse climates.  Australia and the Sahara for example, are mostly desert and semi-desert.  Egypt is mostly uninhabitable, but huge populations crowd around the Nile River.  High population densities are adding to environmental problems and reducing quality of life: in growing megacities, and are increasing socio-economic problems in countries such as the Gaza Strip (3204 persons per square km) Bangladesh (865), Nauru (525), and even the Netherlands (468), and England (382) where the traditional lush countryside and woodlands of Southern England are giving way to housing. Figures from Stanton, 2003. The Rapid Growth of Human Populations 1750-2000:Histories, Consequences, Issues, Nation by Nation. NI: Multiscience Publishing Company Ltd.

Val Yule  vyule@labyrinth..net.au 

Comment: On the world scene, the degree of population decline predicted in the West from its 1950 figures seems hardly to be worried about, compared with the degree of population increase in the rest of the world, and indeed, in some countries such as UK and the Netherlands with year 2000 population densities of 382 and 467 per km2.

 

AN EXAMPLE: The GAZA STRIP had a population density of around 3204 in 2000 (Stanton). Further figures that need to be considered to understanding its problems (from IDB as at April 2005) Births per 1,000 population....................     40         Deaths per 1,000 population....................     4         Rate of natural increase (percent).............    3.6         Annual rate of growth (percent)................   3.8         Life expectancy at birth (years)...............   71.8        Infant deaths per 1,000 live births............   23         Total fertility rate (per woman)...............     5.9          <![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]>   Average Annual Period Growth Rates: 1950 to 2050 (Population in thousands, rate in percent)       1950-1960      2.3        1960-1970      1.1        1970-1980      2.9        1980-1990      3.4        1990-2000      5.7

Some questions about the graphs

1. Are they valid?   The figures have been compiled from the US Census Bureau’s online International Date Base as at April 2005.  Where census data are unavailable, some estimates may be more guesswork than others, but the general directions are clear.

If the data are related to population estimates of 1800 and earlier (eg see Stanton), the growth is shown to be even more dramatic.   The total world population 250 years ago is estimated at 600million.

The projections for 2500 are based on age-structure pyramids, not included here. In countries where 40% of the population are under 15, for example, high growth rates can be expected, unless there are some humane or inhumane factors that bring surviving family size down sharply.  Immigration is also a factor in the West.

2. The relation of percentage growth rates to actual population change.  The bigger the population, the larger the real size of a percentage increase.  A smaller percentage increase can have a larger effect than when the population was smaller.

3. Most people do not know the different sizes of the countries of the world.  Why not?

4. How population size is related to available and future resources.  Population densities seemrelatively small in some countries, but rainfall, deserts, mountains and other barren areas can mean that much apparently empty space is uninhabitable bar a scientific miracle.   Some breadbaskets and other sources of food are losing their fertility – eg Montana in USA.  Climate change may not improve the situation.

5. The theory of demographic transition, that as people become more prosperous, they will have fewer children.  However, the graphs show that the greatest population increases are incountries that are becoming poorer, in large part often because resources cannot cope with the increase.

6. The theory that an ageing population must be disastrous. Children in fact make more demands on the working population than the ageing. Unemployment is a problem with modern technology.  The ageing today are healthier and able to contribute greatly to society, including in childcare.  The average time of helplessness before death is two years, regardless of age. Atsome stage keeping a population younger – ie growing- must stop, or there is population catastrophe.

Who are the interests that push this theory, and why?

7. What are the interests that benefit from continued population growth?  They are a mixed lot.

8. Why is it difficult to get publicity for figures of population growth and family size – forexample, during the Make Poverty History campaign?

9. The relation of struggles for resources, internal conflicts and social disorder to Darwinian stresses of unsustainable population increases.   Stanton argues that humanitarian values flourished in the West over the last 250 years because the West overall was prosperous and controlled sufficient resources to have quality of life.

These values decline with Darwinian struggles and fears.

10. What could be done with greater awareness that the population issue is not solved., and that 3 billion more people by 2050 is half as much again as we have already, with most of the world poor and many hungry.

Charles Darwin’s birthday 12 February 1809

Natural Selection and the history of Making Poverty

Charles Darwin’s birthday on 12 February is a time to reassess his theory of Natural Selection.  In The Origin of Species, 1859, Darwin wrote: ‘The struggle for existence inevitably follows from the high geometrical ratio of increase which is common to all organic beings. . More individual are born than can possibly survive. . . the struggle will generally be most severe between (individuals of the same species).”

Cruel natural and social checks kept human populations below 600 million 250 years ago. Since many checks were overcome, populations have skyrocketed to 6 billion today and now devastate natural resources. A predicted 9 billion by 2050 may hardly be borne. Western populations with slower growth have the most destructive quality of life, but in third world countries populations still explode, regardless of lowering percentage increases, with Darwinian type fighting for resources and survival, as in Rwanda, Ethiopia, Sudan, the Gaza Strip, Nigeria, Haiti and El Salvador.   Population growth swallows all aid, increases poverty, and is exacerbated by competitive breeding, preventing any ‘demographic transition theory’. All over the world, the spread of Western technology and exports mean that the poor no longer dress in rags, and that the food bins of the world supply millions who could not sustain themselves – until the fertility of the bins can no longer be restored.  But the West ravages the world’s resources for its own exorbitant needs, and its destructive example is being followed as the way to lift the living standards of the billions still with small ‘footprints upon the earth’.

The question is: Can an intelligent species beat the operation of Darwinian principles for our survival?

For example, population figures 1950 to 2000 and estimates for 2050 barring catastrophes, can be related to a sample of news items this year:

Violent chaos in Haiti – 3 million to 7 million to 18 million

Aid needed in Ethiopia – 20m to 65m to 145m    

Funds needed for Iraq reconstruction - 5m to 23m to 56m 

Environmental problems in Indonesia – 83m to 224m to 336m 

Refugee problems in Egypt  - 21m to 70 m to 127m 

Refugees from Sudan – 8m to 35m to 84m

Increasing instability in Gaza – 245,000 to 1m to 4m 

Civil war rising again in Sri Lanka – 7m to 19m to 23m  

Mali economy’s reliance on expatriate workers – 4m to 10m to 40m

Mexican economic reliance on expatriate workers – 28m to 100m to 147m  –  

Congo – poverty driving prostitution – 13m to 52m to 183m 

Rwanda – continuing strife and chaos – 2.5 millions to 7.5 million (despite massacres) to 19 million.

Developed countries’ smaller population growth also encroaches on environmental resources -

Gas emissions grow in USA – 152m to 282m to 420m

UK Airport expansion, nuclear power needs and keeping out asylum-seekers - 50m to 59m to 64m   

Japan continues whaling for meat – 83m  -126m to 100m 

Population decline for reasons of economic and cultural catastrophe is not a path to follow, as in Russia, 101m to 147m to 111m  

Figures from the US Census Bureaus International Data Base, as at April 2005.        V Yule

WHAT COULD BE DONE, humanely,
 to prevent inhumane and catastrophic solutions
to the nightmare of 9 billion people by 2050

The year 2005 saw unprecedented public concern to Make Poverty History, especially for ‘basket-case’ Africa, and disastrous natural calamities that presage what climate change could do to populous areas. The major solutions offered have included more aid, debt cancellation, free trade to sell raw materials to developed countries, welcome of refugees into western countries, and imposed ‘reforms’ such as selling off infrastructure for private profit and better deals for foreign investors. However, the World Bank calculated in 2001 that over £700 billion had been disbursed in aid in the previous 50 years with no significant effect on living standards in the Third World (Stanton, 2003, largely because world populations have grown.

Present complacency assuming that world population is stabilising misinterprets statistics - that a percentage drop in population growth means a drop in the number of people, whereas this may still be increasing, as the bigger the population becomes, the larger even a smaller percentage will be.

A second assumption is the myth of the ‘demographic transition theory’ that as people become more prosperous, they have fewer children. So, lift a people out of poverty, and the population problem will be solved, but does not work either in developing nations, where many factors, primarily increasing population, prevent reduction of poverty.

In Population Crises and Population Cycles (1999) Claire and W M S Russell showed how throughout history, unless there are checks on population growth, natural or man-made, then humans, like animals, multiply until they have consumed their own resources and unless more resources are found, there will be a catastrophic crash. These population checks have usually been inhumane - disease, famine, wars and murderous social practices. When these checks were lifted in the West 250 years ago by series of improvements in agriculture, health and technology, its populations soared, but emigration was possible to ‘empty’ spaces. Then the West discovered how to limit family size for better quality of life, but the potential refugees at the gates now number hundreds of millions, Drivers of population growth need tackling. It is ironic that large families are seen as a necessity in overpopulated countries like the Philippines and some Pacific Islands because these rely heavily on income from their expatriate children - in Tonga, for example, supplying 70% of national income (Personal information).  Immigrant workers can be welcomed by rich countries to supply cheap and docile labor, despite local unemployment, so there are business pressures to encourage them. Population growth is an issue that now affects everything

Drivers of population growth

The only humane limiters of catastrophic population growth are family planning and voluntary limitation of reproduction to replacement. A United Nations convention for the ‘right to reproduce’ (one each) and the right to social conditions that give a chance of healthy child-rearing could counter the cries of ‘Genocide!’ that can greet efforts to supply education and means to plan family size.

In poverty-stricken countries, many children are insurance against high child mortality and no social services, as well as supplying extra hands. Alternative solutions are needed, through social justice.

Western media could do more for global education for mutual survival rather than being captive to commercial interests.  Powerful commercial interests benefit from mass markets and dumb consumers and so they promote economic growth as the solution for poverty, and the side-issue of the false spectre of ageing populations (Yule, 2001). It is possible for homo sapiens to have instead sustainable economic systems with growth in quality rather than quantity as their incentive and with investment in jobs that are needed, including rescue rather than destruction of our environment and its resources. (See, e.g. Yule 2005.)

Western aid could involve more assistance for self-sustainability, which must include more family limitation, and less influence from those who profit from supplying aid.  At present Western food suppliers a sustain peoples with no present hope of ever being able to feed themselves, as their numbers continue to grow. All these necessary actions face such a range of strong interests benefiting from population growth that its hand is not allowed to be seen as the major issue it is, exacerbating climate change and greenhouse gases.  Fear also no doubt influences the media in keeping the topic to page 8, because it is too explosive.

Many governments seek internal solidarity by directing fear and enmity towards external enemies. Suppose now, as new diseases and deserts as well as earthquakes threaten our future, the world's people unite to fight the real enemy, the challenges against us all.   One response should be to really tackle the drivers of overpopulation, as it becomes clear that aid for devastated areas is swallowed up in population increase.

Access to family planning is welcomed by women, to reduce their own suffering and the deprivation of their living children.  More public education everywhere is needed and possible, to counter the religious and political pressures to multiply competitively, and the confounded cheek of western countries in seeking to raise their own fertility while economic refugees now number hundreds of millions. The West should not have national policies to encourage larger families of their own, rendering blatantly hypocritical any attempts to help reduce family size in other countries.  Let the memes run around the world, through promoting literacy and spreading information through entertainment, documentaries, and web-sites with, for example, simple one-sheet fact sheets on population, energy, resources, sharing resources, and preparation against natural dangers. People can query these facts but they should be out in the open, to counter the myths.

It is possible:  to change the fatal flaw of global capitalism which is the push for continually growing markets and cheap labor; to have stable populations with a higher proportion of elderly; to turn around the losses of fertile lands and seas, the escalations of economic refugees, animal extinctions, oil and water wars, slum megapolises and toxic pollutions.

In the past, Nature kept the population in check by inhumane means.  In the two hundred years since humans won the battle against Nature here, populations have soared, except where women have been able to control their own fertility. Now is the time for all people to understand that population growth is devastating the earth's resources and amenities and their own immediate futures - and to work for the right of everyone to have a child of their own with a decent chance in life - but not the right to multiply beyond bearing.